In a recent column, Pedro Doria uses the occasion of the iMac's 25th anniversary to show how the technological artifacts we use daily trace much of their ancestry back to Apple's revolutionary computer. It was the iMac that shaped much of what we now understand by technology — and especially our relationship with technology. This is not, in any way, an erroneous claim. But, in my view, an even more interesting question would be: and what does that mean?
Far from being a critical column, Doria's observation about the importance of the great Silicon Valley technology companies and their dominance over our perception, understanding, and relationship with technologies is one of the central points made by Morozov (2018). Even though Morozov focuses on the relationship between data, algorithms, AI, and the results-oriented culture that dominates current implementations of such technologies — and its contradictory relationship with democratic principles — his central argument is that we are today incapable of imagining a radically technological world that is nonetheless free from Silicon Valley's constraints. This closely echoes Mark Fisher's Capitalist Realism (2020). The same applies to the iMac.
Does this mean that the legacy of Steve Jobs and his colorful computer is entirely negative? Not at all. It is necessary to understand, however, that technological artifacts are profoundly paradoxical (Mick & Fournier, 1998). That is: if on one hand the iMac was less intimidating and easier to use for those less versed in technology, on the other it stripped its users of control over their system and its functions. And by no longer teaching its users how it worked, it introduced a massive group of technologically vulnerable people into a market dominated by technological experts.
The Paradoxes We Inherited
Today, the paradoxical results of the industry's move in that direction are evident: although our phones and other smart devices are highly accessible and intuitive — at least in principle — this comes with massive precariousness in terms of users' actual knowledge about technology. Without that knowledge, it is easy to exploit this base with all manner of lies and half-truths.
An example I recently discovered involves Dropbox, when someone tried to share a work folder with me — I had no account on the platform at the time. Unlike any other cloud storage service I know, Dropbox does not charge for available disk space, but for the space available for each user to access. That is: if I have a large amount of contracted storage and want to share a 100GB folder with you, you can only access those files if you also have at least 100GB contracted. The model is completely disconnected from how hard drives actually function, and it is an affront to the consumer. If I am paying for 100GB on a remote disk inside a server, I should be able to choose who accesses that data — and that would cost the service provider no additional storage. But to be outraged by this absurdity — as I was — requires at least a minimal understanding of how these systems work.
We could list countless other paradoxes: with social media profiles I can express myself more than ever, but I am confined to the platform's possibilities and social constraints; with ebooks I can carry every book I want, but I am limited to those available in my device's store; with ChatGPT I no longer need to know how to write — ha — but now I need to learn how to prompt it correctly so it does not produce confident fabrications. In short, there is no escaping the paradoxes of technology. Seeking some ideal middle ground is not only naive but incompatible with the concept of paradox itself: a paradox states that something is "simultaneously X and not-X" (Mick & Fournier, 1998, p. 125). Paradoxes must be lived with, not avoided.
Designed to Frame Us
It is therefore essential that we understand not only what paradoxes the technological artifacts we interact with daily carry, but how these paradoxes are presented in terms of their affordances (Gibson, 2014; Hutchby, 2001). Technological artifacts are, after all, intentional and agentive objects — they are developed with their entire functioning designed to frame the user's behavior within the intentions of their creators (Shaw, 2017). This framing may not determine behavior fundamentally, but it encourages and discourages certain behaviors, prohibits some, manipulates others (Davis & Chouinard, 2016). In the same way that we can praise Jobs for the "beneficial" side of how his creations manifested their technological paradoxes, we can also criticize him for the "harmful" side.
Today, to live "in the world the iMac created" means far more than living in a world of beautiful, colorful, and intuitive technologies. It means living in a world deeply dependent on complex technological artifacts — but one that is largely incapable of properly decoding them. A world of users — and here the term shared with the world of drugs is apt — who not only do not understand the basic functioning of the devices that govern their lives, but whose devices are designed to prevent any use outside what their creators intend. A world ignorant of its own ignorance.
References
- Davis, J. L., & Chouinard, J. B. (2016). Theorizing Affordances: From Request to Refuse. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 36(4), 241–248.
- Fisher, M. (2020). Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? Zero Books.
- Gibson, J. J. (2014). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception: Classic Edition. Psychology Press.
- Hutchby, I. (2001). Technologies, Texts and Affordances. Sociology, 35(2), 441–456.
- Mick, D. G., & Fournier, S. (1998). Paradoxes of Technology: Consumer Cognizance, Emotions, and Coping Strategies. Journal of Consumer Research, 25(2), 123–143.
- Morozov, E. (2018). Big Tech: The Ascent of Data and the Death of Politics. Ubu Editora.
- Shaw, A. (2017). Encoding and decoding affordances: Stuart Hall and interactive media technologies. Media, Culture & Society, 39(4), 592–602.
// Note: This is a translated and lightly adapted version of the original Portuguese text. The author will review and revise this translation.